That last remark might not be the best way to win friends and influence people. But Scholes is correct about cause and effect-influence’ errors are the cause of mispricing. Is the market efficient? The fact is that from 1994 through 1997, LTCM claims to have successfully made leveraged bets-bets that exploited mispricing identified by the option pricing theory for which Scholes and Merton Miller, another Nobel laureate, is quoted as having said, “Myron once told me they are sucking up nickels from all over the world. But because they are so leveraged, that amounts to a lot of money.” “Sucking up nickels” is indicative of inefficiency. Of course, then came LTCM’s 1998 fiasco, but more on that later.