The calving pens were bedded with deep straw and each
pen measured 4.0 m
×
4.8 m. The pens had 1.9 m high solid
sides made from plywood which only allowed visual and
tactile social contact to the cow in the neighbouring pen
through a 1.0 m high and 0.8 m wide opening placed 1.1 m
above floor level. In each pen, two adjacent feeding troughs
(each 0.75 m wide) and a water bowl were placed opposite
to the window. The calving pens, feeding and management
procedures are described in detail in Jensen (2011).