The results of the present study contribute to research on stress, optimism, and personality.
Although many studies have viewed optimism as a stable or unchangeable trait, our findings add
to a growing body of research indicating that optimism can be modified (Dewberry & Richardson,
1990; Peterson, 2000; Robinson-Whelen et al., 1997; Schulz et al., 1988). The effects detected in
this study were generally modest, but they do not detract from the conceptual assertion that
480 A.A. Atienza et al. / Personality and Individual Differences 37 (2004) 471–484
optimism can vary over time and that stress can predict those changes. Furthermore, the findings
of the present study that a significant minority of women reported change in optimism at the
individual level highlights the importance of including individual-level analyses when examining
the stability or change of optimism. Future longitudinal studies of optimism should avoid simply
measuring initial levels of optimism and, instead, assess optimism at multiple time points to determine
whether change has occurred at both individual and group levels.
The results of the present study contribute to research on stress, optimism, and personality.Although many studies have viewed optimism as a stable or unchangeable trait, our findings addto a growing body of research indicating that optimism can be modified (Dewberry & Richardson,1990; Peterson, 2000; Robinson-Whelen et al., 1997; Schulz et al., 1988). The effects detected inthis study were generally modest, but they do not detract from the conceptual assertion that480 A.A. Atienza et al. / Personality and Individual Differences 37 (2004) 471–484optimism can vary over time and that stress can predict those changes. Furthermore, the findingsof the present study that a significant minority of women reported change in optimism at theindividual level highlights the importance of including individual-level analyses when examiningthe stability or change of optimism. Future longitudinal studies of optimism should avoid simplymeasuring initial levels of optimism and, instead, assess optimism at multiple time points to determinewhether change has occurred at both individual and group levels.
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