The length of the study was nine weeks. In weeks 1-2, the participants were introduced to intentional learning
techniques and took part in a series of vocabulary exercises to help them improve their study skills, followed by a
workshop on Study Stack. In week 3, the participants took a 100-item translation test as a pre-test to assess their
prior knowledge of the possible target words chosen from the four course lessons. To ensure that the participants
started the study without prior knowledge of the target items, only the items that were unknown to all of them were
considered as the final target words to be included in the post-test. The results of the pre-test led to the inclusion of
20 target words for the post-test. During the four-week implementation of vocabulary learning task (weeks 4-7),
the three groups were randomly assigned to three different instructional conditions, as mentioned above. In week 8,
an attitudinal questionnaire based on Davis’ (1989) Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) was administered to all
the participants in class. The questionnaire consisted of nine five-point Likert scale items (where 1 represents
strongly disagree and 5 indicates strongly agree) that were evenly devoted to three sub-scales, including perceived
usefulness, perceived ease of use, and intention to use. It was used to survey the students’ attitudes, particularly
their acceptance of digital flashcards for vocabulary learning. Lastly, in week 9, the participants were assessed in
their retention of the 20 target words with a timed recall quiz that asked them to translate the target words from L1
to L2. This assessment served as a post-test of the study.