Conclusion
Given that there is a short history of mobile learning apps, the lack of theoretical or practical frameworks is understandable. Although a few researchers (e.g.,Sharples, Taylor, &Vavoula, 2005) have attempted to establish theory in this area, designers require additional practical evidence, research, guidelines, principles, and frameworks. As my effort to spark this continuing discussion, DCALE provides a framework that introduces mobile-specific considerations into the design and development of mobile learning apps