The R&I activities in this theme should be addressed in conjunction with the R&I activities in the previous R&I topic on ‘advanced survey, inspection and testing’. In addition,they are to be addressed in conjunction with the following R&I area of ‘User Information Management’ as the integrated data/information systems to serve the owner/manager/operator and also provide the basis for the data and information interface to the user of the transport infrastructure, for example allowing single ticketing, smart routing or tracking and tracing.