Presentation
The presentation of pyelonephritis may
depend on the age of the patient, his or
her cognitive or sensory ability to express
symptoms and the severity of the condition
(National Institute for Health and Clinical
Excellence (NICE) 2007a, Fulop and
Mena 2012). However, typical signs and
symptoms include (Ramakrishnan and
Scheid 2005, NHS Choices 2011, Fulop
and Mena 2012):
Flank pain (in rare cases this can be bilateral).
Haematuria and polyuria.
Offensive smelling urine.
Dysuria and urgency.
Tachycardia and tachypnoea.
Fev