We focus specifically on the adoption of mineral fertilizer,
because it is the most limiting component in total ISFM
adoption, with lower adoption rates than the other ISFM
components (improved germplasm and organic matter
management). In addition, mineral fertilizer was virtually unknown
in the research area before the start of the CIALCA
program in 2006 (Ouma et al., 2011), and was uniquely
promoted by the program. Other components of ISFM were
additionally promoted by national agricultural research centers
and NGOs, and a relatively large proportion of the population
was already aware of those technologies before the
program started