According to the definitions of Newtonian Entry Thresh- old and Newtonian Mastery Threshold developed by Hestenes, Wells, and Swackhamer upon establishment of the FCI, 39.5% of the students in the JiTT group reached the Newtonian entry threshold while only 20.4% of the students in the Non-JiTT group made a score high enough 60% to reach the Newtonian threshold.