Every transportation system, high-speed rail (HSR) included, has its own noise spectra, characteristic air pollutant emissions, and particular environmental problems. This paper presents a review of noise levels from different types of European and Asian high-speed rail systems. Also presented is a comparison of associated air pollutant emissions. Comparisons of the European and Asian HSR noise levels and abatement measures are made with diesel rail propulsion, rapid-rail transit, and existing rail noise standards. This permits a review of how HSR noise might affect the surrounding community since these systems are not yet operational in the United States. High-speed rail air pollutants directly emitted are by the wheel bearings, freight, and/or entrained dust, all of which are generally insignificant. However, the power required of the electric power plant and the subsequent release of air pollutants at the plant are attributable to the HSR system. The paper includes comparison of these releases with the air pollutants emitted by diesel locomotives and a typical aircraft. Finally, conclusions on the prediction of total air pollutant load and noise levels for HSR are discussed.