1. Introduction
Natural rubber (NR) latex from Hevea brasiliensis trees is usually coagulated by acid to prepare the sheets for the production process. In this acid coagulation process, the negative charge of the phospholipid–protein complex on the surface of colloidal NR particles [1] was neutralized by the positive charge of the acid hydrogen ions. The commercial acids used for this purpose are formic and acetic acids. Since these acids are petrochemicals, an alternative, more sustainable materials are on high demand with rising petrol prices. In this study, wood vinegar, an acid by-product of wood charcoal production, was investigated as a coagulant in the production of NR sheets and compared with formic and acetic acids.
Raw wood vinegar is a condensed liquid, which is collected during the pyrolysis or carbonization of wood in airless conditions at a temperature range of 400–500 °C. The wood vinegar composes of many chemical components with acetic acid as the main substance [2]. For agricultural use, tar residue in the raw wood vinegar is usually extracted by coagulation, since the tar residue can stick as a coat on plant leaves. The remaining wood vinegar is called tar-extracted wood vinegar. The use of wood vinegar as a coagulant in NR sheets' preparation has been investigated and reported [3]. However, they did not compare the properties of NR coagulated by different wood vinegar types. In this study, we added more results on NR analysis data such as dirt and volatile contents, plasticity retention index and vulcanized NR modulus.
1. IntroductionNatural rubber (NR) latex from Hevea brasiliensis trees is usually coagulated by acid to prepare the sheets for the production process. In this acid coagulation process, the negative charge of the phospholipid–protein complex on the surface of colloidal NR particles [1] was neutralized by the positive charge of the acid hydrogen ions. The commercial acids used for this purpose are formic and acetic acids. Since these acids are petrochemicals, an alternative, more sustainable materials are on high demand with rising petrol prices. In this study, wood vinegar, an acid by-product of wood charcoal production, was investigated as a coagulant in the production of NR sheets and compared with formic and acetic acids.Raw wood vinegar is a condensed liquid, which is collected during the pyrolysis or carbonization of wood in airless conditions at a temperature range of 400–500 °C. The wood vinegar composes of many chemical components with acetic acid as the main substance [2]. For agricultural use, tar residue in the raw wood vinegar is usually extracted by coagulation, since the tar residue can stick as a coat on plant leaves. The remaining wood vinegar is called tar-extracted wood vinegar. The use of wood vinegar as a coagulant in NR sheets' preparation has been investigated and reported [3]. However, they did not compare the properties of NR coagulated by different wood vinegar types. In this study, we added more results on NR analysis data such as dirt and volatile contents, plasticity retention index and vulcanized NR modulus.
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