a. data - raw facts that differ from information in that they have not been processed for interpretation by the end user.
b. field - alpha or numeric characters or groups of characters used to define and store data.
c. record - A set of one or more fields used to connect all data associated with a specific subject, item, person, etc.
d. file - a collection of related records.
2. What is data redundancy, and which characteristics of the file system can lead to it?
Data redundancy occurs when the same pieces of data are stored in the different places unnecessarily. Redundancy can lead to both data inconsistency and data anomalies. Both can cause additional work as well as errors. Data redundancy is often the result of the file system's structure or lack of security. Structure of the file system controls where data is stored and if it is not designed efficiently, users are left with scattered redundant data.
3. Discuss the lack of data independence in file systems.
The lack of data independence contributes to inflexible, cumbersome file systems. Applications with data processed in the source code lack data independence and prevent other programs from being able to access data.
4. What is a DBMS, and what are its functions?
A DBMS (database management system) is software used to manage the structure, elements and data within a database. A DBMS is responsible for providing user-friendly access and controls between end user and database. Its main purpose is to improve functionality through improved data sharing, better data integration, minimized data inconsistency, improved data access, improved decision making, and increased end user productivity. This tool simplifies the management functions of complex databases.