The validity of using this doseeresponse model is controversial
because evidence accumulated over the past decade
has indicated that living organisms, including humans,
respond differently to low dose/low dose-rate radiation than they do to high dose/high dose-rate radiation. These effects have been termed “non-(DNA)-targeted” and include radiation-induced bystander effects genomic instability adaptive response low dose hyperradiosensitivity
(HRS)delayed reproductive death and induction of genes by radiation.An essential feature of “non-targeted” effects is that they do not require a direct nuclear exposure by irradiation to
be expressed and they are particularly significant at low doses.