The structural structures of the prepared samples were analyzed using analytical tools such as XRD, FT-IR and PL spectroscopy. Firstly, the prepared samples were analyzed by means of XRD measurements to confirm the amorphous state of the sample [36]. The XRD measurements were carried out with Cu Kα radiation (wavelength = 0.15406 nm) operating at 40 kV, 30 mA with Bragg–Brentano geometry at room temperature using Siemens Diffractometer D5000. The diffraction patterns were collected at constant (2θ) steps of 0.04°, where 2θ from 10° to 70° for 4s. Secondly, in order to determine the vibrational modes and detecting the structural changes in the glass samples, FT-IR measurement was used. FT-IR absorption measurements were carried out using KBr pellets method [36]. The infrared spectra of the glasses were recorded by a Perkin–Elmer Spectrum One FT-IR spectrometer over the range of wavenumber 400–4000 cm−1 at room temperature using 100 scans at 4 cm−1 resolution. The wavelength accuracy was at 0.1 cm−1 at 1600 cm−1 and the available optical path difference (OPD) velocities were 2 cm s−1. Finally, the fluorescence (excitation and emission) and decay time spectra of all the samples with different mol% of manganese ion were recorded at room temperature by a JASCO FP-8500 Series fluorescence spectrometer equipped with a 150 W xenon lamp as excitation source [37]. The sensitivity of the spectrometer was 5000:1 (RMS) while the resolution for the spectra obtained were ±1.0 nm at 546.1 nm, excitation and emission bandwidth at 5 nm and the wavelength accuracy was ±1.0 nm. The intensity was set to low and the spectra were measure measured at room temperature in the wavelength range of 200–800 nm. In order to choose the appropriate excitation wavelength, the JASCO FP8500 has provided the automatic excitation and emission wavelength searching features. Through these features, the excitation and emission wavelength can be found easily and the obtained emission peak peaks with the maximum intensity are then chosen as the excitation spectra and vice versa.
The structural structures of the prepared samples were analyzed using analytical tools such as XRD, FT-IR and PL spectroscopy. Firstly, the prepared samples were analyzed by means of XRD measurements to confirm the amorphous state of the sample [36]. The XRD measurements were carried out with Cu Kα radiation (wavelength = 0.15406 nm) operating at 40 kV, 30 mA with Bragg–Brentano geometry at room temperature using Siemens Diffractometer D5000. The diffraction patterns were collected at constant (2θ) steps of 0.04°, where 2θ from 10° to 70° for 4s. Secondly, in order to determine the vibrational modes and detecting the structural changes in the glass samples, FT-IR measurement was used. FT-IR absorption measurements were carried out using KBr pellets method [36]. The infrared spectra of the glasses were recorded by a Perkin–Elmer Spectrum One FT-IR spectrometer over the range of wavenumber 400–4000 cm−1 at room temperature using 100 scans at 4 cm−1 resolution. The wavelength accuracy was at 0.1 cm−1 at 1600 cm−1 and the available optical path difference (OPD) velocities were 2 cm s−1. Finally, the fluorescence (excitation and emission) and decay time spectra of all the samples with different mol% of manganese ion were recorded at room temperature by a JASCO FP-8500 Series fluorescence spectrometer equipped with a 150 W xenon lamp as excitation source [37]. The sensitivity of the spectrometer was 5000:1 (RMS) while the resolution for the spectra obtained were ±1.0 nm at 546.1 nm, excitation and emission bandwidth at 5 nm and the wavelength accuracy was ±1.0 nm. The intensity was set to low and the spectra were measure measured at room temperature in the wavelength range of 200–800 nm. In order to choose the appropriate excitation wavelength, the JASCO FP8500 has provided the automatic excitation and emission wavelength searching features. Through these features, the excitation and emission wavelength can be found easily and the obtained emission peak peaks with the maximum intensity are then chosen as the excitation spectra and vice versa.
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