Additionally, local civil servants are required by law to provide services to each locality for a fixed term (e.g., about 3–5 yrs, depending on pay grade) and are subject to transfer to some other localities. For these reasons, local civil servants are relatively limited in their capacity and, eventually, local public affairs are practically directed by mayoral leaderships. Any bottom-up collaborative policies are less likely to emerge unless they gain attention and support from the mayoral leaderships. Previous studies also documented and emphasized the important roles of city mayors in directing the operations of local authorities in Thailand (see e.g., Green 2005; Suwanmala 2007) as well as in other developing countries such as Colombia (see e.g., Avellaneda, forthcoming). Under this local governance framework, we thus focused specifically on the roles of city mayors in formulating the collaboration policy.