Summary
Education is a cultural universal, found throughout the world, although in varied forms.
This chapter examines sociological views of education and analyzes schools as an example of formal organizations.
1. Transmission of knowledge and bestowal of status are manifest functions of education.
Among its latent functions are transmitting culture, promoting social and political integration, maintaining social control, and serving as an agent of social change.
2. In the view of conflict theorists, education serves as an instrument of elite domination by creating standards for entry into occupations, bestowing status unequally, and subordinating the role of women in education.
3. Teacher expectations about a student's performance can sometimes have an impact on the student's actual achievements.
4. Today, most schools in the United States are organized in a bureaucratic fashion.
Weber's five basic characteristics of bureaucracy are all evident in schools.
5. Since 1970, the proportion of older adults enrolled in U.S. colleges and universities has been rising steadily, in part because of sweeping changes in business, industry, and technology.
For many Americans, education has become a lifelong pursuit.
6. Home schooling has become a viable alternative to traditional public and private schools.
An estimated million or more American children are now educated at home.
7. School choice and tuition voucher programs are having a direct effect on public education, forcing some schools to compete or go out of business.
Critical Thinking Questions
1. What are the functions and dysfunctions of tracking in schools? Viewed from an interactionist perspective, how would tracking of high school students influence the interactions between students and teachers?
In what ways might tracking have positive and negative impacts on the self-concepts of various students?
2. Are the student subcultures identified in the text evident on your campus?
What other student subcultures are present?
Which subcultures have the highest (and the lowest) social status? How might functionalists, conflict theorists, and interactionists view the existence of student subcultures on a college campus?
Key Terms
Correspondence principle The tendency of schools to promote the values expected of individuals in each social class and to prepare students for the types of jobs typically held by members of their class. (405)
Credentialism An increase in the lowest level of education required to enter a field. (403)
Cultural universals General practices found in every culture. (399)
Education A formal process of learning in which some people consciously teach while others adopt the social role of learner. (399)
Hidden curriculum Standards of behavior that are deemed proper by society and are taught subtly in schools. (403)
Teacher-expectancy effect The impact that a teacher's expectations about a student's performance may have on the student's actual achievements. (407)
Tracking The practice of placing students in specific curriculum groups on the basis of test scores and other criteria. (404)
SummaryEducation is a cultural universal, found throughout the world, although in varied forms. This chapter examines sociological views of education and analyzes schools as an example of formal organizations.1. Transmission of knowledge and bestowal of status are manifest functions of education. Among its latent functions are transmitting culture, promoting social and political integration, maintaining social control, and serving as an agent of social change.2. In the view of conflict theorists, education serves as an instrument of elite domination by creating standards for entry into occupations, bestowing status unequally, and subordinating the role of women in education.3. Teacher expectations about a student's performance can sometimes have an impact on the student's actual achievements.4. Today, most schools in the United States are organized in a bureaucratic fashion. Weber's five basic characteristics of bureaucracy are all evident in schools.5. Since 1970, the proportion of older adults enrolled in U.S. colleges and universities has been rising steadily, in part because of sweeping changes in business, industry, and technology. For many Americans, education has become a lifelong pursuit.6. Home schooling has become a viable alternative to traditional public and private schools. An estimated million or more American children are now educated at home.7. School choice and tuition voucher programs are having a direct effect on public education, forcing some schools to compete or go out of business.Critical Thinking Questions1. What are the functions and dysfunctions of tracking in schools? Viewed from an interactionist perspective, how would tracking of high school students influence the interactions between students and teachers? In what ways might tracking have positive and negative impacts on the self-concepts of various students?2. Are the student subcultures identified in the text evident on your campus? What other student subcultures are present? Which subcultures have the highest (and the lowest) social status? How might functionalists, conflict theorists, and interactionists view the existence of student subcultures on a college campus?Key TermsCorrespondence principle The tendency of schools to promote the values expected of individuals in each social class and to prepare students for the types of jobs typically held by members of their class. (405)Credentialism An increase in the lowest level of education required to enter a field. (403)Cultural universals General practices found in every culture. (399)Education A formal process of learning in which some people consciously teach while others adopt the social role of learner. (399)Hidden curriculum Standards of behavior that are deemed proper by society and are taught subtly in schools. (403)Teacher-expectancy effect The impact that a teacher's expectations about a student's performance may have on the student's actual achievements. (407)ติดตามการปฏิบัติทำนักเรียนในหลักสูตรเฉพาะกลุ่มโดยใช้คะแนนการทดสอบและเกณฑ์อื่น ๆ (404)
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