The cancer and tuberculosis are called the ‘big killer and
intractable diseases’. Cancer, one of the most life-threatening diseases,
has more than 200 distinct types associated with it, affecting
over 60 human organs. More than 90% of all cancer-related deaths
occur from metastasis of the primary cancer tumour. The early
stages of cancer development carry the maximum potential for
therapeutic intervention. Therefore, detecting premalignant or
premetastatic malignant tumours when they are still confined
within organ(s) is critical to enable effective treatment and
improving survival rate. Among all cancers, lung cancer continues
to be the most prevalent and life threatening globally. The disease
has a severe impact on the quality of life, due to reduced oxygenation
levels and a higher incidence of metastasis due to high blood
flow in the lungs. It affects more than a million people worldwide
and accounts for about 25% of all cancer deaths [1]. Great advances
have been made mapping out the cellular pathways altered in tumours
and the pathways that respond to cancer therapeutics. The
obvious importance of the components of DNA damage response
pathways as potential cancer therapeutic targets has stimulated
researchers and pharmaceutical companies to develop numerous
chemical inhibitors for many of the proteins involved in these
pathways [2].