2.1. Internal Combustion Engine. The mean-value model of
an engine describes the engine behavior in a cycle averaged
sense. Though it does not contain individual cylinder
transient dynamics, the average of engine dynamics over
several cycles provides adequate low-frequency dynamic
information and it is suitable for many control problems.
Figure 2 depicts a schematic of the mean-value engine
model including throttle airflow dynamics, intake manifold
dynamics, fuel filmdynamics, engine torque production, and
crankshaft dynamics.