2.3. Emulsion viscosity
Emulsion viscosity was measured at 10 °C by means of steady-shear
flowcurves (shear stress × shear rate), using a controlled stress Physica
MCR301 rheometer (Anton Paar, Graz, Austria) with stainless steel
plate–plate geometry (25 mm in diameter and 2 mm in gap). Three
flow ramps (up, down and up-cycles) were obtained in a range of
shear stress corresponding to shear rates from 0 to 100 s−1, in order
to eliminate any possible thixotropic effect. Trials were performed in
triplicate by using a new sample for each repetition. Rheograms were
analyzed according to empirical models and viscosity was calculated
as the relationship between shear stress and shear rate.