kt ct (c)(r(a,,x)(1)),
ttttt t
kt ct
which holds in the case of balanced growth equilibrium. In this equation, c is consumption per capita; k is capital per worker, a is technological progress; θ is index of externality; x is availability of complementary factors of productions, such as infrastructure or human capital; τ is the tax rate; ρ=z+n is the real interest rate; n is population growth; z is the rate of time preference; σ is the inverse of the negative of the elasticity of marginal utility;. If the cost of capital ρ is high for any return on investment, investment is low and the economy is considered liquidity constrained. If the rate of return r is low, for any cost of capital, investment is low and the economy is considered inefficient.16
15 This is the Hamiltonian for the simplest Ramsey-type optimal growth model which assumes that households have perfect foresight and need to decide how much labor and capital to rent to firms, and how much to save or consume by maximizing their individual utility subject to their budget constraint. Firms maximize profits at each point in time and produce a single good. In their production function, technology is exogenous, and so are the complementary factors of production and the index of externality. The government spending requirements are assumed to be fixed exogenously, the government imposes a tax on the rental price of capital, so the after-tax return to capital is r(1-τ).
16 The cost of finance ρ may be high because the country has limited access to external capital markets or because of problems in the domestic financial market. A country may have difficulties accessing external capital markets for a variety of reasons including high country risk, unattractive FDI conditions, vulnerabilities in the debt maturity structure, and excessive regulations of the capital account. Bad local finance may be due to low domestic saving and/or poor domestic financial intermediation. Return to capital r may be low due to insufficient investment in complementary factors of production, such as infrastructure and human capital, low land productivity due to poor natural resource management, or low private returns to capital due to high taxes, poor property rights, corruption, labor-capital conflicts, macro instability, and
kt ct (c)(r(a,,x)(1)),ttttt tkt ctwhich holds in the case of balanced growth equilibrium. In this equation, c is consumption per capita; k is capital per worker, a is technological progress; θ is index of externality; x is availability of complementary factors of productions, such as infrastructure or human capital; τ is the tax rate; ρ=z+n is the real interest rate; n is population growth; z is the rate of time preference; σ is the inverse of the negative of the elasticity of marginal utility;. If the cost of capital ρ is high for any return on investment, investment is low and the economy is considered liquidity constrained. If the rate of return r is low, for any cost of capital, investment is low and the economy is considered inefficient.1615 This is the Hamiltonian for the simplest Ramsey-type optimal growth model which assumes that households have perfect foresight and need to decide how much labor and capital to rent to firms, and how much to save or consume by maximizing their individual utility subject to their budget constraint. Firms maximize profits at each point in time and produce a single good. In their production function, technology is exogenous, and so are the complementary factors of production and the index of externality. The government spending requirements are assumed to be fixed exogenously, the government imposes a tax on the rental price of capital, so the after-tax return to capital is r(1-τ).16 The cost of finance ρ may be high because the country has limited access to external capital markets or because of problems in the domestic financial market. A country may have difficulties accessing external capital markets for a variety of reasons including high country risk, unattractive FDI conditions, vulnerabilities in the debt maturity structure, and excessive regulations of the capital account. Bad local finance may be due to low domestic saving and/or poor domestic financial intermediation. Return to capital r may be low due to insufficient investment in complementary factors of production, such as infrastructure and human capital, low land productivity due to poor natural resource management, or low private returns to capital due to high taxes, poor property rights, corruption, labor-capital conflicts, macro instability, and
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