The carotenoids were manually exhaustively extracted with acetone from kale and red cabbage raw and cooked, transferred to petroleum ether/diethyl ether (2:1), and saponified with 10% methanolic KOH overnight at room temperature; then, the solution was washed until alkali free, and concentrated to dryness . The experimental conditions for separation, identification, and quantification by HPLC–DAD–APCI-MS2 were the same as previously described. All of the analyses were conducted in triplicate.