The fourth value dimension, masculinity,refers to the degree of traditionally "masculine" values-assertiveness, materialism, and a lack of concern for others-that prevail in a society. In comparison, femininity emphasizes "feminine" values_a concern for others, for relationships, and for the quality of life. In highly masculine societies(Japan and Austria, for example), women are generally expected to stay home and raise a family. In organizations, one finds considerable job stress, and organizational interests generally encroach on employees' private lives. In countries with low masculinity (such as Switzerland and New Zealand), one find less conflict and job stress, more women in high-level job, and a reduced need foe assertiveness. The United States lies somewhat in the middle , according to Hofstede's research. American women typically are encouraged to work, and families often are able to get some support for child care (through day- care centers and maternity leaves).