Three biological replicates were performed for all studies using three individual termite colonies. All statistical analyses were per formed using JMP 8. Differences across treatments and termite col- onies(biological replicates) were evaluated using ANOVA(df 6, a 30.05) with Tukey HSD post-hocanalyses and an FDR-corrected a- value(a 0,002). Though not all data were normally distributed ANOVA was still used due to its robust characteristics(Table S2). All error bars represent standard error of the mean(SEM). To assess which variables were most significantly correlated with saccharification, each measured variable(bacterial CFUs, protist cell counts, abundance of bacterial taxa in the clone library gene expression of cellulases, and enzyme activity) a series of pairwise regressions were performed forglucose and xylose release individually(a 0.05).