The cultures with budding shoots were transferred to SPM containing 200 mg/l cefotaxime and 50 mg/l kanamycin, and later excised shoots were transferred to SEM.The transformed shoots ( Fig. 3G and H) then were converted into plantlets ( Fig. 3I) using RIM. Each transformed callus piece produced about 5–10 shoots, but transformation events were counted as one per callus in order to determine the transformation frequency. The overall transformation efficiency from callus infection to plantlet formation was 48 ± 6.5%, an average of repeated three independent experiments ( Table 2)The transformation efficiency mean in each experiment is an average of three replicates (mentioned in Supplementary Table 2.1).