L. vannamei juveniles were obtained from Baorong Aquaculture
Corporation, Qingdao, PR China. After transferring to the laboratory,
shrimps were acclimated in tanks (170 cm×75 cm×35 cm, water
volume: 450 L) for 10 days. Seawater was pre-filtered using a sand
filter. One-half to two-thirds of the water in the tank was replaced
daily with fresh seawater to ensure good water quality.