Secondary growth, the production of tissues from lateral meristems or cambia, results in an increase in girth of the
plant body. In seed plants, a bifacial vascular cambium contributes secondary xylem (wood) toward the interior, and secondary phloem toward the exterior, of stems and roots. Secondary tissues can be recognized using a series of anatomical criteria listed in all major plant anatomy textbooks and applied in paleobotanical studies (e.g., Cichan and Taylor, 1982 , 1990 ; Gerrienne et al., 2011 ): (1) radially aligned fi les of cells (as seen in cross sections); (2) multiplicative divisions in secondary xylem—anticlinal divisions of cambial initials that generate new radial fi les of cells; (3) combination of axially and radially oriented components (e.g., conducting cells and rays).
Secondary growth, the production of tissues from lateral meristems or cambia, results in an increase in girth of the
plant body. In seed plants, a bifacial vascular cambium contributes secondary xylem (wood) toward the interior, and secondary phloem toward the exterior, of stems and roots. Secondary tissues can be recognized using a series of anatomical criteria listed in all major plant anatomy textbooks and applied in paleobotanical studies (e.g., Cichan and Taylor, 1982 , 1990 ; Gerrienne et al., 2011 ): (1) radially aligned fi les of cells (as seen in cross sections); (2) multiplicative divisions in secondary xylem—anticlinal divisions of cambial initials that generate new radial fi les of cells; (3) combination of axially and radially oriented components (e.g., conducting cells and rays).
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