Dietary Fat
Lipids may modulate immune function through several factors.
Fats are used as fuel by lymphocytes; however, when
stressed by mitogens, lymphocytes appear to increase their
metabolism with glucose use [21,26]. In addition, the quantity
and type of dietary lipids modulates the biochemistry of the
cellular immune system, including the production and expression
of cytokines [27]. Omega-6 dietary lipids generally
increase the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and inflammatory
PGs, whereas omega-3 lipids may decrease the levels
of such cytokines and inflammatory PGs [28]. Many metabolic
processes respond directly or indirectly to pro-inflammatory
cytokines, which can change nutrient uptake and utilization,
promoting a reduction in anabolic processes and amplifying
catabolic activities. Exercise causes some injuries in muscles
and joints that may increase levels of inflammatory mediators
[9]. A decrease in the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines
has been demonstrated in humans when moderate to high
levels of marine-derived omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids
are taken orally. Furthermore, a decrease in in vitro production
of IL-1b and tumor necrosis factor-a by stimulated peripheral
blood mononuclear cells was reported after 6 weeks of omega-
3 polyunsaturated fatty acid fish oil supplementation in male
volunteers [29,30]. Increased endurance capacity in response
to increased dietary fat has been observed in human studies
[31]. Increased dietary fat levels significantly increased levels
of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-2 after exercise. The proliferative
response to mitogen by peripheral blood mononuclear
cells also decreased with increases in dietary fat and
exercise. Both exercise and a high-fat diet can increase IL-2
levels and decrease IL-6 levels, so that the amount of proinflammatory
cytokines may be modulated by increasing dietary
fat intake coupled with the anti-inflammatory effects of
exercise.
Dietary Protei
Dietary FatLipids may modulate immune function through several factors.Fats are used as fuel by lymphocytes; however, whenstressed by mitogens, lymphocytes appear to increase theirmetabolism with glucose use [21,26]. In addition, the quantityand type of dietary lipids modulates the biochemistry of thecellular immune system, including the production and expressionof cytokines [27]. Omega-6 dietary lipids generallyincrease the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and inflammatoryPGs, whereas omega-3 lipids may decrease the levelsof such cytokines and inflammatory PGs [28]. Many metabolicprocesses respond directly or indirectly to pro-inflammatorycytokines, which can change nutrient uptake and utilization,promoting a reduction in anabolic processes and amplifyingcatabolic activities. Exercise causes some injuries in musclesand joints that may increase levels of inflammatory mediators[9]. A decrease in the production of pro-inflammatory cytokineshas been demonstrated in humans when moderate to highlevels of marine-derived omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acidsare taken orally. Furthermore, a decrease in in vitro productionof IL-1b and tumor necrosis factor-a by stimulated peripheralblood mononuclear cells was reported after 6 weeks of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid fish oil supplementation in malevolunteers [29,30]. Increased endurance capacity in responseto increased dietary fat has been observed in human studies[31]. Increased dietary fat levels significantly increased levelsof the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-2 after exercise. The proliferativeresponse to mitogen by peripheral blood mononuclearcells also decreased with increases in dietary fat andexercise. Both exercise and a high-fat diet can increase IL-2levels and decrease IL-6 levels, so that the amount of proinflammatorycytokines may be modulated by increasing dietaryfat intake coupled with the anti-inflammatory effects ofexercise.Dietary Protei
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