Huang et al. (2002) successfully produced transgenic Arabidop-
sis thalianna (ecotype WS-2) expressing DAFP-1 from Dendroides
canadensis. This AFP was chosen because it is the most abundant DAFP in the D. canadensis hemolymph and has high specific antifreeze (thermal hysteresis) activity. D. canadensis AFPs
routinely produce a hemolymph thermal hysteresis of 5–6 ◦ C and inhibit ice nucleators (Duman, 2002) and inoculative freezing initiated by external ice . An earlier
study also indicated that DAFPs could inhibit the freeze damage
in isolated cells resulting from external ice formation, probably
by preventing cytoplasmic freezing and recrystallization inhibition.