As noted in section 4.1, universities have a number of reasons to wish to include TOEIC
instruction as part of the curriculum. The TOEIC adds an international component to
programs, and can improve student employability. Both of these can raise university
rankings. However, by mandating TOEIC classes, and not offering them as an option forces
students unmotivated to study TOEIC into these classes. This can negatively affect student
perceptions of learning English, and create unwanted washback effects on teaching. The next
section will examine the findings on washback.