Low RD is associated with good batter aeration.
Therefore, as expected, the emulsifier promoted the incorporation of air into batter. These results are in agreement with Khalil (1998), who found that improvement in specific density might be due to the effect of emulsifier on enhancing the aeration capacity of batters.
Fat replacement did not significantly affect the RD of the batter (P > 0.05). Therefore, reduced oil content does not significantly influence air occlusion during mixing, unlike emulsifier addition.