Unfortunately, some parameters have hard limits in scaling. A key component of the performance of CMOS transistors is the drive current or “Ion” This performance is proportional to the gate overdrive, or basically the supply voltage minus threshold voltage (Vt). If we continue scaling the supply voltage then the threshold voltage must also scale to keep up with the gate overdrives or to keep the gate overdrive up. CMOS transistors are not perfect switches. They have an off-state current that rises exponentially as the threshold voltage is reduced and so while lithographic dimensions continue to scale, voltage scaling itself has slowed down. The new realities of scaling are impacting both the static and dynamic power associated with products.