E
arly cultures attempted to re-create or express in their built landscapes the sacred meanings and spiritual
signifi cance of natural sites and phenomena. People altered the landscape to try to understand and/or honor the
mysteries of nature. Early “landscape design” elaborated on humankind’s intuitive impulse to dig and to mound.
Our ancestors constructed earthworks, raised stones, and marked the ground, leaving traces of basic shapes and
axial alignments. The purpose or function of many of these spaces is still conjecture.
Cultural values shifted in later antiquity with the advent of philosophical systems based on a human being’s capacity
for deductive reasoning. People looked for rational explanations for nature’s mysteries. The ancient Greeks respected
nature as the sanctuary of the Gods, but equally valued the human domain. Their focus on the role of the individual in
relationship to the larger community fostered democratic ideals that were revealed in architecture, in urban form, and
in the consideration of the landscape as a place of civic responsibility.
The illustrative chronology presented in this chapter is organized thematically, as follows:
• Cosmological Landscapes characterizes prehistoric earthworks and patterns.
• Ancient Gardens describes early parks and villas.
• Landscape and Architecture illustrates temple grounds, buildings, and important site plans.
• Genius Loci depicts sacred landscape spaces.
Early cultures attempted to re-create or express in their built landscapes the sacred meanings and spiritual signifi cance of natural sites and phenomena. People altered the landscape to try to understand and/or honor the mysteries of nature. Early “landscape design” elaborated on humankind’s intuitive impulse to dig and to mound. Our ancestors constructed earthworks, raised stones, and marked the ground, leaving traces of basic shapes and axial alignments. The purpose or function of many of these spaces is still conjecture.Cultural values shifted in later antiquity with the advent of philosophical systems based on a human being’s capacity for deductive reasoning. People looked for rational explanations for nature’s mysteries. The ancient Greeks respected nature as the sanctuary of the Gods, but equally valued the human domain. Their focus on the role of the individual in relationship to the larger community fostered democratic ideals that were revealed in architecture, in urban form, and in the consideration of the landscape as a place of civic responsibility.The illustrative chronology presented in this chapter is organized thematically, as follows: • Cosmological Landscapes characterizes prehistoric earthworks and patterns. • Ancient Gardens describes early parks and villas. • Landscape and Architecture illustrates temple grounds, buildings, and important site plans. • Genius Loci depicts sacred landscape spaces.
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