2.1.GeneralcreditguaranteeprogramBe

2.1.GeneralcreditguaranteeprogramBecausetheinformationgapsbetweenbanksandsmallbusi-nessesarelarge,smallbusinessesoftenfinditdifficulttoborrowsufficientfundsfrombanks,eveniftheyhavelowcreditrisk.Tomitigatetheresultantcreditrationingforsmallbusinesses,52government-affiliatedcreditguaranteecorporations(hereafter,CGCs)inJapanofferedcreditguaranteesforbankloanstocredit-constrainedsmallbusinesses.Inthecreditguaranteesystem,banksofferguaranteedloanstosmallbusinesses,andsmallbusinessespayaguaranteefeetotheCGCs.Iftheseguaranteedloansdefault,theCGCsrepaytheloantothebanks(referredtoassubroga-tion).Therefore,bankscanofferguaranteedloanstoriskysmallbusinesseswithrelativelylowrisk.WhenCGCsmakesubrogatedpaymentsagainstdefaultbysmallbusinesses,theycollectthedebtsfromthedefaultingsmallbusiness.Inthissystem,theceilingsonthecreditguaranteesforsmallbusinesseswere80millionyenintheguaranteeprogramwithoutcollateraland200millionyeninthegeneralguaranteeprogram.Thesmallbusinessespayguaran-teefeesof0.45–1.90%,withtheexactamountdeterminedbythefirm’screditrisk.ThecreditguaranteesystemoperatinginJapandiffersfromthatinothercountriesinthefollowingrespects.First,thecoverageratesinJapanwere100%untilOctober2007,whichthenfellto80%afterOctober2007.However,thecoverageratesreturnedto100%intheECGprogram,establishedinOctober2008.Thus,thelargeamountofguaranteedloansoffered100%coverforthedefaultingloans.AccordingtoUesugi,Sakai,andYamashiro(2010),fullcoverageinthecreditguaranteesystemswasadoptedonlyinJapanandKorea.Second,theJapanFinanceCorporation,whichisapubliccorpo-rationwhollyownedbytheJapanesegovernment,offerscreditinsuranceforallCGCs.Coverageratesforthisinsuranceranged

ผลลัพธ์ (ไทย) 1:

2.1.GeneralcreditguaranteeprogramBecausetheinformationgapsbetweenbanksandsmallbusi-nessesarelarge,smallbusinessesoftenfinditdifficulttoborrowsufficientfundsfrombanks,eveniftheyhavelowcreditrisk Tomitigatetheresultantcreditrationingforsmallbusinesses,52government-affiliatedcreditguaranteecorporations(hereafter,CGCs)inJapanofferedcreditguaranteesforbankloanstocredit-constrainedsmallbusinesses.Inthecreditguaranteesystem,banksofferguaranteedloanstosmallbusinesses,andsmallbusinessespayaguaranteefeetotheCGCs.Iftheseguaranteedloansdefault,theCGCsrepaytheloantothebanks(referredtoassubroga-tion). ดังนั้น bankscanofferguaranteedloanstoriskysmallbusinesseswithrelativelylowrisk WhenCGCsmakesubrogatedpaymentsagainstdefaultbysmallbusinesses, theycollectthedebtsfromthedefaultingsmallbusiness Inthissystem, theceilingsonthecreditguaranteesforsmallbusinesseswere80millionyenintheguaranteeprogramwithoutcollateraland200millionyeninthegeneralguaranteeprogram Thesmallbusinessespayguaran-teefeesof0.45–1.90%,withtheexactamountdeterminedbythefirm'screditrisk ThecreditguaranteesystemoperatinginJapandiffersfromthatinothercountriesinthefollowingrespects.First,thecoverageratesinJapanwere100%untilOctober2007,whichthenfellto80%afterOctober2007.However,thecoverageratesreturnedto100%intheECGprogram,establishedinOctober2008.Thus,thelargeamountofguaranteedloansoffered100%coverforthedefaultingloans. AccordingtoUesugi, Sakai, andYamashiro (2010), fullcoverageinthecreditguaranteesystemswasadoptedonlyinJapanandKorea.Second,theJapanFinanceCorporation, whichisapubliccorpo-rationwhollyownedbytheJapanesegovernment,offerscreditinsuranceforallCGCs.Coverageratesforthisinsuranceranged

ผลลัพธ์ (ไทย) 3:

2.1 generalcreditguaranteeprogrambecausetheinformationgapsbetweenbanksandsmallbusi nessesarelarge smallbusinessesoftenfinditdifficulttoborrowsufficientfundsfrombanks eveniftheyhavelowcreditrisk , , . tomitigatetheresultantcreditrationingforsmallbusinesses 52government , affiliatedcreditguaranteecorporations ( ปรโลก cgcs ) injapanofferedcreditguaranteesforbankloanstocredit constrainedsmallbusinesses .inthecreditguaranteesystem banksofferguaranteedloanstosmallbusinesses andsmallbusinessespayaguaranteefeetothecgcs iftheseguaranteedloansdefault , , , . thecgcsrepaytheloantothebanks ( referredtoassubroga tion ) ดังนั้น bankscanofferguaranteedloanstoriskysmallbusinesseswithrelativelylowrisk . whencgcsmakesubrogatedpaymentsagainstdefaultbysmallbusinesses theycollectthedebtsfromthedefaultingsmallbusiness , .inthissystem theceilingsonthecreditguaranteesforsmallbusinesseswere80millionyenintheguaranteeprogramwithoutcollateraland200millionyeninthegeneralguaranteeprogram , . thesmallbusinessespayguaran-teefeesof0.45 – 1.90 เปอร์เซ็นต์ screditrisk.thecreditguaranteesystemoperatinginjapandiffersfromthatinothercountriesinthefollowingrespects.first withtheexactamountdeterminedbythefirm' ,thecoverageratesinjapanwere100 % untiloctober2007 whichthenfellto80 % , afteroctober2007 อย่างไรก็ตาม thecoverageratesreturnedto100 % intheecgprogram establishedinoctober2008 , ปาน thelargeamountofguaranteedloansoffered100 % coverforthedefaultingloans . accordingtouesugi ซาไก andyamashiro ( 2010 ) , , , , fullcoverageinthecreditguaranteesystemswasadoptedonlyinjapanandkorea . thejapanfinancecorporation วินาทีwhichisapubliccorpo rationwhollyownedbythejapanesegovernment offerscreditinsuranceforallcgcs.coverageratesforthisinsuranceranged ,