Self-monitoring plus reinforcement (SM+R) includes the steps described in SM, however, in addition to the self-assessment and self-recording of a target behavior, the student is awarded reinforcement from an external agent for a change in the target behavior. In theory, SM interventions do not require external reinforces (Zimmerman, 2000). However, researchers do sometimes combine SM and an external reinforce for children with ADHD (Barkley, 1998). The purpose of this combination is to increase the salience other self-assessments.