4. Conclusion
Mussel shell derived solid catalysts with thermal activation via non-impregnated and impregnated treatment have been successfully examined in the transesterification of castor oil to biodiesel. The both used solid catalysts were able to be reused up to 5 times without debilitiation in its activity, thus creating another economical catalyst source for biodiesel synthesis. As a heteregenous catalyst, calcium oxide can minimize the cost of purification and biodiesel production. The highest biodiesel yield (91.17%) was obtained by using the mussel shell-base catalyst with impregnation (MS-BC), and the process parameters have a significant effect on the biodiesel yield. The properties of resulted biodiesel mostly fulfill the
biodiesel standards which are compatible with density, flash point, cetane number, viscosity and cloud point. The improvement of yield, biodiesel quality and advantages synthesis can be further investigated via manipulating feedstocks, purification methods and solid catalysts from other invaluable wastes.
4. ConclusionMussel shell derived solid catalysts with thermal activation via non-impregnated and impregnated treatment have been successfully examined in the transesterification of castor oil to biodiesel. The both used solid catalysts were able to be reused up to 5 times without debilitiation in its activity, thus creating another economical catalyst source for biodiesel synthesis. As a heteregenous catalyst, calcium oxide can minimize the cost of purification and biodiesel production. The highest biodiesel yield (91.17%) was obtained by using the mussel shell-base catalyst with impregnation (MS-BC), and the process parameters have a significant effect on the biodiesel yield. The properties of resulted biodiesel mostly fulfill the biodiesel standards which are compatible with density, flash point, cetane number, viscosity and cloud point. The improvement of yield, biodiesel quality and advantages synthesis can be further investigated via manipulating feedstocks, purification methods and solid catalysts from other invaluable wastes.
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