Using cost-benefit analysis to set standards, in effect, returns us to the goals of the market-based, individual bargaining approach. Like the market approach, this use of cost-benefit faces serious ethical challenges. We should note, however, that rejecting cost-benefit analysis in the setting standards is not the same as rejecting cost-effective strategies in implementing those standards. A commitment to cost effectiveness would require that, once the standards are set, we adopt the least-expensive and most efficient means available for achieving those standards. Cost-benefit, in contrast, uses economic criteria in setting the standards in the first place. It is cost-benefit, not cost-effective, analysis that is ethically problematic.