Bending torsion an axial stresses may be present in both midrange and alternating component
for analysis it is simple enough to combine the different types of stresses into alternating and midrange von Mises stresses
It is sometimes convenient to customize the equations specifically for shaft application
Axial loads are usually comparatively very small at critical locations where bending and torsion dominate so they will be left out of the following equations the fluctuating stresses due to bending and torsion are