The cross-sectional results for the personal tax effect provide contrast with Graham
[1999] who finds that personal taxes impact capital structure decisions. One explanation
is that information used for making capital structure decisions and pricing leverage risk is
somehow different between managers and equity investors. The lack of findings for the
personal tax effect in cross-sectional tests may also be due to measurement error, a lack
of cross-sectional variation in the personal tax penalty for our sample, or the existence of
tax clienteles for the firm’s equity and debt which mitigate the personal tax penalty