Note that all three levels of personal salience draw on the notion of “voluntary” choice. That construct is difficult to operationalize precisely, because many decisions and behaviors involve both voluntary and involuntary activation, being in part personally selected and also externally imposed. However, salience of type J4A (the rated importance of role membership) usually concerns in part the degree to which a person has chosen or would choose of a role characteristic) in part involve a potential., choice between aspects of the environment; and attractiveness ratings of core activities (J4C) partly indicate which tasks within a role a person would choose to undertake if he or she were free to do so.