A rigorous internal energy transfer theory is proposed for the
transfer mechanisms of heat, work, and chemical energy. A total
system containing reactants and products is thermodynamically
isolated from its surroundings, and has thermodynamic energy
transfer due to thermal, mechanical, and chemical non-equilibrium
between reactants and products. The physical mechanisms of
internal energy transfer can be described by physical parameters
[35] of local thermodynamic equilibrium. The local thermodynamic
non-equilibrium process is characterized by the intensive
variables of temperature, pressure, and chemical potential