Our sampling occurred in rural hotspots of H5N1 in
humans, which are areas that lack government services
such as the removal of refuse to landfills by garbage trucks.
Villagers used empty lots as improvised garbage dumps
where solid waste including dead poultry and poultry feces
from multiple houses was deposited and burned periodically, which is a common garbage disposal practice
(Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency, 2011). Waste
collection is inadequate in 73% of villages in rural Egypt
and overcrowding increases the amount of solid waste per
household (El-Messery et al., 2009). Governorates where
we detected H5N1 in backyard flocks in a high percentage
of villages had a higher rate of crowdedness, defined as the
number of single bedroom households, than those where
we detected the virus in few or no villages (El-Gendy,
2011). According to our questionnaires, Fayoum, where we
found H5N1 in backyard poultry in 3 villages out of 4
villages, had 11 people per household whereas Damietta,
where we found no H5N1, had an average of 5 people. Our
model identified the disposal of dead poultry outside in the
garbage as a significant risk factor for H5N1 in backyard
poultry. An average of 60% of the surveyed households
disposed of dead poultry in the garbage (Table 2). We
found a significant correlation between the number of
people per household and disposal of dead poultry outside
in the garbage (r = 0.38, p = 0.00087). This could be because
more crowded households produce more solid waste,
including dead poultry and feces. Large solid waste piles
that accumulate outside the family compound may attract
poultry from neighboring households, which become
exposed to birds that died from H5N1, potentially
contributing to the virus’ persistence in backyard flocks.
Disposal of dead birds in the garbage is currently widespread: it is practiced by 42% of households we sampled
and 50% of those sampled by Aly et al. (2012) in El Beheira
governorate in the Nile Delta. If this hypothesis is
confirmed, it would suggest that improving rural waste
collection could help stamp out H5N1 in the villages that
we sampled. The continuing circulation of H5N1 in
backyard birds further stresses the need for sustained control strategies to improve animal and public health
throughout Egypt
Our sampling occurred in rural hotspots of H5N1 inhumans, which are areas that lack government servicessuch as the removal of refuse to landfills by garbage trucks.Villagers used empty lots as improvised garbage dumpswhere solid waste including dead poultry and poultry fecesfrom multiple houses was deposited and burned periodically, which is a common garbage disposal practice(Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency, 2011). Wastecollection is inadequate in 73% of villages in rural Egyptand overcrowding increases the amount of solid waste perhousehold (El-Messery et al., 2009). Governorates wherewe detected H5N1 in backyard flocks in a high percentageof villages had a higher rate of crowdedness, defined as thenumber of single bedroom households, than those wherewe detected the virus in few or no villages (El-Gendy,2011). According to our questionnaires, Fayoum, where wefound H5N1 in backyard poultry in 3 villages out of 4villages, had 11 people per household whereas Damietta,where we found no H5N1, had an average of 5 people. Ourmodel identified the disposal of dead poultry outside in thegarbage as a significant risk factor for H5N1 in backyardpoultry. An average of 60% of the surveyed householdsdisposed of dead poultry in the garbage (Table 2). Wefound a significant correlation between the number ofpeople per household and disposal of dead poultry outsidein the garbage (r = 0.38, p = 0.00087). This could be becausemore crowded households produce more solid waste,
including dead poultry and feces. Large solid waste piles
that accumulate outside the family compound may attract
poultry from neighboring households, which become
exposed to birds that died from H5N1, potentially
contributing to the virus’ persistence in backyard flocks.
Disposal of dead birds in the garbage is currently widespread: it is practiced by 42% of households we sampled
and 50% of those sampled by Aly et al. (2012) in El Beheira
governorate in the Nile Delta. If this hypothesis is
confirmed, it would suggest that improving rural waste
collection could help stamp out H5N1 in the villages that
we sampled. The continuing circulation of H5N1 in
backyard birds further stresses the need for sustained control strategies to improve animal and public health
throughout Egypt
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