ASD patients show an imbalance in CD3+, CD4+, and CD8+ T cells, as well as in NK cells. In addition, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) extracted from
ASD patients are able to overproduce IL-1β resulting in long-termimmune alterations [60]. MSC-mediated immune suppressive activity could restore this immune imbalance (Figure 1). Indeed, MSC immunoregulatory effects strongly inhibit T-cell recognition and expansion by inhibiting TNF-α and INF-γ production and increasing IL-10 levels [51].