An especially salient disadvantage of the financial reporting quality measures is that they tend to have high
measurement error and even bias.31 This is particularly true for DAC and accounting conservatism.32 For example, average
absolute DAC can range from 4% to 10% of total assets, depending on the estimation model and sample (Gul et al., 2009;
Reichelt and Wang, 2010), which seems too large to be plausibly explained by earnings management alone. Therefore, it is
important for future research using these measures to exercise caution. There is also often little consensus on how these
proxies should be measured. For example, DAC can be measured using an absolute value, a signed value, the Jones model,
the modified Jones model, and/or performance matching.33 Finally, financial reporting quality is determined by many factors
and audit quality is just one component. Thus, it is important to control for the other factors that explain financial reporting
quality