Many studies have examined the relationship between 16PE scores and creativity. summarized much of this research, and these results and international samples. Consistent predictor of creativity include high scores on independence and its primary scales Dominance, Social Boldness, and Openness-to-Change; low scores on Tough-Mindedness (in the receptive or open direction) and its traits of openness-to-Change, sensitive, and Abstractedness; and somewhat below average scores on Self-Control (unrestrained). These results have been confirmed in international samples, for example in Norwegian artists and in Korean, American, Finnish, and Slovak students