were randomly cut from each fouled FO membrane. As shown in Fig. 2, the fouled membrane samples were first stained with SYTO 63 (20 mM),and then the FITC solution (10 g L1) was dripped onto the samples after 1 M sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) buffer was applied for keeping the amine group in a non-protonated form. Subsequently, the ConA (0.25 g L1) and CW (0.3 g L1) solutions were added to the samples, respectively. A