ABSTRACT The nervous systems of animals as diverse as flies and mice share many conserved
features, suggesting that such features were already present in their last common ancestor. As our
knowledge of neural development increases, so does the list of conserved features, pointing to the
existence of a highly sophisticated, single species as the origin of most extant nervous systems.
Possible reasons for this unexpected monophyly are discussed, leading to the conclusion that the
appearance of very different life forms, lifestyles and habitats requires the previous attainment of
a neural circuitry that is sufficiently robust to cope with large changes without losing its overall
coherence.