KM is the organizational optimization of knowledge to achieve
enhanced performance, increased value, competitive advantage,
and return on investment, through the use of various tools, processes,
methods and techniques [28]. Also, KM is a systemic way
to manage knowledge in the organizationally specified process of
acquiring, organizing and communicating knowledge, in order to
enable employees to perform more effective and productive works
[2]. KM and related strategy concepts are promoted as important
components for organizations to survive, because KM is regarded
as a prerequisite for higher productivity and flexibility in both the
private and the public sectors [38]. There are numbers of frameworks
have developed to promote the KM implementation. Most
frameworks of the KM can be classified as prescriptive, descriptive,
and a combination of the two; the prescriptive frameworks direct
the ways to engage in KM activities, whereas the descriptive frameworks
identify significant attributes for the success of KM initiatives
[48]. According to [2], those different frameworks have many similarities:
most of the life cycles are articulated in four phases where
the first one is a “create” phase; and the last phase concerns the
ability to share and use knowledge.