Plaintiff's evidence of actual damages was limited. Mannion testified that he bid $45,970 (a $30,000 fee plus expenses) to CHWA to shoot the billboard image.3 The photographer who in fact was hired charged a total of $21,305.4 Mannion argued in closing that the saving of the *44 difference ($24,665) was the motive for the infringement and that the measure of actual damages was the $30,000 fee that Mannion would have received if defendants had hired him.5