This prospectively followed cohort study involved a subset of the National Health Insurance Research Database containing complete inpatient and outpatient data of 1 million randomly drawn beneficiaries. We included 10- to 24-year-old patients (n = 15 203) receiving the diagnosis of TBI in ambulatory visits or hospitalization from 2000-2004 and their age- and sex-matched comparison insureds using health service in the same year (n = 76 015).