appears to be effective in reducing anxiety in people with myocardial infarction, especially when they are given a choice of which music
to listen to. Listening to music may also reduce pain and respiratory rate. However the size of the effects on pain and respiratory rate is
small. Therefore, its clinical importance is unclear. Finally, listening to music appears to improve patients’ quality of sleep following a
cardiac procedure or surgery. We found no evidence of effect for depression or heart rate variability, and inconsistent results for mood.
No adverse effects of music interventions were reported. The majority of the studies examined the effects of listening to pre-recorded
music. More research is needed on the effects of music interventions offered by a trained music therapist. Overall, the quality of the
evidence is not strong thus the results should be interpreted with caution.
We did not identify any conflicts of interests in the included studies.